Underglaze Decoration: Underglaze decoration is one of the core techniques of China’s traditional porcelain craftsmanship. Its process comprises four main stages: first, mineral pigments containing metal oxides are painted onto the unglazed biscuit body; next, a transparent glaze is applied over the painted design; then the piece is fired once at approximately 1300 °C, during which the glaze melts and fuses with the pigments. This technique originated in late Han China; during the Tang dynasty, new color palettes were pioneered; in the Yuan dynasty, cobalt‑blue underglaze and related methods matured; and in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the imperial kilns of Jingdezhen brought the art form to its zenith. Finished underglaze wares benefit from the protective glaze layer, rendering their colors wear‑resistant, fade‑proof, and lead‑free. Iconic examples include blue‑and‑white porcelain and underglaze wucai (five‑color) ware. Contemporary artisans sustain the artistic vitality of underglaze decoration by combining traditional methods—such as “water‑resist” (fenshui) and “ink‑blowing” (buimo)—with modern innovations like isolation techniques and spray‑painting.